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Background: Recent data suggested high fibrosis
progression rates after sexually acquired acute HCV infection (AHC). This may
be due to the fact that in contrast to traditional risk populations in most
cases of sexually transmitted HCV infections occur in already HIV-infected
individuals. Here we investigate the impact of AHC on liver fibrosis
progression.
Methods: HIV+ patients with AHC were asked
to participate in a prospective study on the evaluation of liver fibrosis progression
after AHC by means of transient elastometry (FibroScan). A standardized
questionnaire captured standard demographic factors, risk factors for liver
fibrosis such as NASH, alcohol abuse and HAART exposure, and details of acute
HCV infection. Stiffness values ≤ 6 kPa were assigned Metavir fibrosis
score F1, 6.1 to 9.0 kPa F2, 9.1 to 12 kPa F3 and > 12 kPa F4. Prior AHC
no fibrosis (F0) was assumed unless biopsy or FibroScan were available. Fibrosis
progression rate (FPR) was calculated dividing the difference in fibrosis
units by the time of follow-up. Only patients with a chronic course of AHC,
or if FibroScan prior to anti-HCV therapy was available, were included for
analysis.
Results: In this study, 28 male patients (median
age 39 years) were enrolled. Main transmission risk was MSM (89%).
Symptomatic AHC was observed in 8 (29%) of patients, median maximal ALT was 487 IU/L.
Most patients had acquired HCV genotype 1 infection (n = 23, 82%), followed
by genotype 4 (n = 4, 14%) and genotype 2 (n = 1, 4%). Median HCV-RNA was 5.9
log. Risk factors associated with liver fibrosis were observed in 14 (50%) of
patients (alcohol or past alcohol abuse n = 2, chronic HBV n = 1, drug-abuse
n = 9, diabetes n = 1, lipodystrophy n = 3). Median HAART exposure was 43 months.
Median follow-up was 0.4 years and the overall calculated fibrosis
progression rate (FPR) was 3.8 Metavir fibrosis units per year. Plotting FPR
over follow-up time revealed short observation times being strongly
correlated with high fibrosis progression rates (figure 1). No interaction of
risk factors for cirrhosis or HAART exposure with follow-up time was
observed.
Figure 1:

Conclusions: Calculated high fibrosis progression
rates after acute HCV infection in HIV-positive individuals are probably
influenced by short observation periods. A linear model for fibrosis
progression, as is currently applied in the setting of chronic HCV infection,
should be used with caution in the setting of acute HCV infection.
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